Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors, has revolution- ized cancer treatment by offering precise, targeted approaches. Galectin-9 (LGALS9), a protein from the galectin family, plays a significant role in immune regulation and tumor pathogenesis, impacting cancer prognosis. Known for its diverse physiological functions such as cell growth, different- iation, adhesion, and death, Galectin-9 interacts with its receptor Tim-3 to maintain immune homeostasis and tumor cell survival. Its expression levels influence tumor occurrence and metastasis, making it a potential target for cancer immunotherapy due to its ability to induce T-cell death and promote immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment.

Abbreviations:

Urate transporter/channel protein, LGALS9A, Lectin galactoside-binding soluble 9, HUAT, Ecalectin, Galectin-9, HOM-HD-21, LGALS9