Immunoglobulin D activator for B-cells. Preservative-free for in vivo application.

Immunoglobulin D (IgD) is an antibody isotype that is found primarily on mature B-cells as part of the B-cell receptor (BCR) complex. Clustering of the BCR due to antigen binding leads to activation of B-cells that can result in a number of outcomes including proliferation, differentiation, and tolerance.

The ability to activate B-lymphocytes using polyclonal antisera recognizing anti-IgD is useful for the study of B-cell function (Finkelman, et al., 1985; Nguyen, et al., 2014). Anti-IgD is particularly suited for this application because soluble IgD is present in extremely low levels in serum (<0.25% of total immunoglobulin) and will not interfere with B-cell activation in a whole blood-based or in vivo setting. (In contrast, high levels of circulating IgM will typically block B-cell activation by anti-IgM in whole blood.) Such a methodology can be used to rapidly test the efficacy of B-cell inhibitory agents in a cellular, ex vivo, or in vivo context (Coffey, et al., 2012).

References/Citations:

Lee, S., Yang, J. I., Lee, J. H., Lee, H. W., & Kim, T. J. (2022). Low-Level Expression of CD138 Marks Naturally Arising Anergic B Cells. Immune Network, 22.

Bame, E., Tang, H., Burns, J. C., Arefayene, M., Michelsen, K., Ma, B., ... & Mingueneau, M. (2021). Next-generation Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibitor BIIB091 selectively and potently inhibits B cell and Fc receptor signaling and downstream functions in B cells and myeloid cells. Clinical & translational immunology, 10(6), e1295.

Alvarenga, I. C. (2021). Extrusion process to retain resistant starch in a pet food for the purpose of altering colonic fermentation end products that benefit dog health (Doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University).

Tan, C., Hiwa, R., Mueller, J. L., Vykunta, V., Hibiya, K., Noviski, M., ... & Li, Z. (2020). A negative feedback loop mediated by the NR4A family of nuclear hormone receptors restrains expansion of B cells that receive signal one in the absence of signal two. bioRxiv.

Rip, J., de Bruijn, M. J., Kaptein, A., Hendriks, R. W., & Corneth, O. B. (2020). Phosphoflow Protocol for Signaling Studies in Human and Murine B Cell Subpopulations. The Journal of Immunology.

Noviski, M., Mueller, J. L., Satterthwaite, A., Garrett-Sinha, L. A., Brombacher, F., & Zikherman, J. (2018). IgM and IgD B cell receptors differentially respond to endogenous antigens and control B cell fate. eLife, 7, e35074

Nguyen, T., & Morris J. (2014). Signals from activation of B-cell receptor with anti-IgD can override the stimulatory effects of excess BAFF on mature B cells in vivo. Immunology Lett., 161(1), 157-164.

Coffey, G., DeGuzman, F., Inagaki, M., Pak, Y., Delaney, S., Ives, D., Betz, A., Jia, Z., Pandey, A., Baker, D., Hollenbach, S., Phillips, D., & Sinha, U. (2012). Specific Inhibition of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase Suppresses Leukocyte Immune Function and Inflammation in Animal Models of Rheumatoid Arthritis. J. Pharm. and Exp. Therapeutics., 340(2), 350-359.

Finkelman, F., Smith, J., Villacreses, N., & Metcalf, E. (1985). Polyclonal activation of the murine immune system by an antibody to IgD. VI. Influence of doses of goat anti-mouse delta chain and normal goat IgG on B lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation. Eur J Immunol., 15(4), 315-320.